大荔枣园土壤养分空间分布及土壤肥力综合评价

为探究大荔县冬枣产区土壤肥力状况,采集了303个有代表性枣园土壤样品,测定了土壤pH、有机质、硝态N、铵态N、碱解N、有效P、速效K、有效Fe、有效Mn、有效Zn、有效Cu等指标,用ArcGIS软件绘制了土壤有机质和速效N、P、K的空间分布图,并应用主成分分析方法对枣园土壤肥力状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,pH值在各个采样点间的变异性较小,其余土壤肥力指标都存在着较大的变异,并且偏度和峰度>0,属于右偏态尖峰型;整体来看,大荔枣园土壤pH偏碱性,碱解N含量较为丰富,有效P含量中等偏低,速效K含量极其丰富,有机质含量较为缺乏。空间分布规律表现为土壤碱解N、有机质规律一致,东北区域低、其他区域高;有效P含量北部高南部低;除东北部少数区域外,土壤速效K含量普遍达到丰富或极丰富水平。主成分分析显示,有机质、速效K、有效Fe和有效P是影响冬枣园土壤肥力最主要的因素,通过对各乡镇的综合得分均值进行比较,发现各乡镇土壤得分高低与土壤养分空间分布结果相吻合。     

秦岭2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对细菌群落多样性和组成的影响

研究秦岭山区2种林分土壤性质的季节性变化对土壤细菌群落多样性和结构特征影响,为该区生态恢复及物质循环提供理论依据。以云杉林和红桦林土壤为对象,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术初步探讨了这2种林分不同季节土壤细菌多样性（Chao1指数和Shannon指数）和群落组成,并采用相关分析和冗余分析（RDA）等方法,探讨了土壤性质,包括pH、土壤温度、土壤含水量（SWC）、土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（EOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）和易氧化有机碳（DOC）对土壤细菌多样性和群落的影响。结果表明:1）2种林分土壤细菌Chao1指数和Shannon指数具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季最高,冬季最低,春季和秋季居中。2）2种林分土壤中酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门,酸杆菌门相对丰度在秋季最大,冬季最低,而拟杆菌门相对丰度则相反,在冬季达到最大值,秋季最低。3）相关分析表明,细菌多样性与温度负相关,与土壤pH、SWC、SOC、EOC、DOC和MBC含量正相关。4）RDA分析结果表明,SWC是影响真菌群落组成季节性变化的主要因素,其次是EOC和SOC含量。这些研究结果表明,秦岭林区土壤细菌群落多样性及群落组成的季节性变化是土壤养分及土壤环境因素（温度和含水量）共同作用的结果。     

聚磷酸铵对砖红壤和石灰性土壤上磷素吸附解吸行为的影响

以砖红壤和石灰性土壤为供试土壤,探索不同聚磷酸铵(APP)对土壤中磷吸附解吸的影响,为评价磷的有效性提供数据参考。在等磷等氮条件下,分别以APP1(以中聚为主)、APP2(以低聚为主)、APP3(聚合度分布均匀且高聚含量高)、MAP(磷酸一铵)、A-M(APP3和MAP以P₂O₅质量比1∶1的比例混合)、CK(空白对照)为供试材料,设置6个处理(各处理名同所用材料),在砖红壤和石灰性土壤上进行50 d的培养,测定各处理下磷的吸附解吸特性。结果显示,在石灰性土壤和砖红壤上,朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程、弗罗因德利希(Freundlich)方程和Temkin方程均可很好地拟合土壤中磷的等温吸附特征,且以Freundlich方程的拟合效果最好(相关系数在0.86~0.98)。在石灰性土壤上,除CK外,以APP1处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最强,A-M处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最弱,磷解吸量最大,磷解吸率最高;在砖红壤上,除CK外,以APP1处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最强,APP2处理下土壤对磷的吸附性最弱,磷解吸量最大,磷解吸率最高。结果表明,聚合度分布均匀且高聚含量高的APP配施MAP可减少石灰性土壤对磷的吸附,提高磷的有效性;而以低聚为主的APP可减少砖红壤对磷的吸附,保持土壤磷的平衡和供磷能力。     

Evaluation of levamisole as a feed additive for growth and health management of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)

Three separate experiments were conducted with juvenile hybrid striped bass to determine the effects of levamisole as a feed supplement on growth performance, innate immunity and specific antibody responses, as well as resistance to Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. A basal diet was formulated to contain 40% protein, 10% lipid and an estimated digestible energy level of 3.5 kcal/g. Four levels (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of levamisole were added to the basal diet in place of cellulose. After the 3-week feeding period in feeding trial 1, enhanced weight gain was generally observed in fish fed the diets supplemented with a low level (< 500 mg/kg) of levamisole. Dietary supplementation of levamisole at 100 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced growth and feed efficiency, compared to fish fed the basal diet. Fish fed diet supplemented with 1000 mg levamisole/kg diet showed chronic toxicity signs of inferior growth, reduced feed intake and feed efficiency. Although the extracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney cells, hematocrit, serum lysozyme and peroxidase were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, intracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney macrophages of fish fed 250 mg levamisole/kg diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the other four diets. The hypothesized benefits of dietary supplementation of levamisole in reducing mortality from infection of pathogenic bacteria including S. iniae and A. hydrophila were not proven after two separate 3-week feeding trials and disease challenges in the present study. Agglutinating antibody titers of individual fish were highly varied and not significantly influenced by dietary levamisole at the tested levels.     

Is That a Rodent in Your Luggage? A Mixed Method Approach to Describe Bushmeat Importation into the United States

Bushmeat, defined as meat derived from wild animals, is a potential source of zoonotic pathogens. Bushmeat from restricted animals is illegal to import into the United States under US federal regulations. We reviewed US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) port of entry surveillance records from September 2005 through December 2010 and conducted focus group studies to describe trends in and reasons for bushmeat importation into the United States. In total, 543 confiscated bushmeat items were recorded. Half of the confiscated bushmeat items identified were rodents. Africa was the most frequent continent of origin. Seasonality was evident, with bushmeat confiscations peaking in late spring to early summer. Four times more bushmeat was confiscated during an enhanced surveillance period in June 2010 compared with the same period in previous years, suggesting that routine surveillance underestimated the amount of bushmeat detected at US Ports of Entry. Focus groups held in three major US cities revealed that bushmeat importation is a multifaceted issue. Longstanding cultural practices of hunting and eating bushmeat make it difficult for consumers to acknowledge potential health and ecologic risks. Also, US merchants selling African goods, including bushmeat, in their stores have caused confusion among importers as to whether importation is truly illegal. Enhancing routine surveillance for bushmeat and consistent enforcement of penalties at all ports of entry, along with health education aimed at bushmeat importers, might be useful to deter illegal importation.     

Morphological studies of peripheral blood cells of the Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>

The peripheral blood cells of one-year-old Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) have been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The erythrocyte count was 84.86 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³ in the peripheral blood of the fish and that of leukocytes was 2.24 × 10⁴ cell mm⁻³. The erythrocytes and four main types of leucocyte—thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes (including neutrophils and eosinophils), and monocytes, were identified in the peripheral blood. In addition to normal erythrocytes, reticulocytes and division of erythrocytes were observed. Thrombocytes were the most numerous among the leukocytes, and the number of neutrophils with lobated nuclei was larger than for other fish. The structures of the erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and thrombocytes of the fish were studied. The erythrocytes were almost completely devoid of organelles, except for some mitochondria and granules. A large number of vacuoles and a few organelles were observed in cytoplasm of the monocytes. There were many microvilli on the membrane and pseudopodia-like cytoplasm bulge in the lymphocytes. The neutrophils were round or oval in shape with bilobed, trilobed, or multilobed nuclei whereas the eosinophils had big special granules, dark stained. There were many vesicles in some thrombocytes, which were related to its phagocytosis; some thrombocytes had almost no cytoplasm or organelles.     

Building shade affects light environment and urban greenery in high-density residential estates in Singapore

Urban green spaces are an important component of the urban ecosystem of cities as they provide a range of ecosystem services that contribute to sustainability and livability of urban areas. The extent to which such services are provided is influenced by limitations on biological processes that underpin such ecosystem services. A poorly understood limitation in the urban environment is the effects of shade created by buildings on the adequacy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for plant growth. We examined the effects of building shade in high-density, high-rise residential estates in Singapore on the level and distribution of PAR, and how PAR might in turn be correlated with growth of plants in community green spaces nested within these estates. Our estimates showed that high-rise and high-density buildings reduced daily PAR by almost 50% when compared to fully exposed conditions. The reduced PAR levels were correlated with lower vegetative and reproductive growth of several species of shrubs, and increased slenderness of two tree species. The shade environment created by buildings was differentiated from shade under vegetation canopies by longer periods of high instantaneous PAR during a diurnal cycle. There was also evidence of higher red to far-red ratio in the spectral composition of PAR. We suggest that an understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR is necessary for appropriate selection of plants, particularly to match daily PAR received on site to daily light integral requirements of plants for improved delivery of ecosystem services.     

Interactive mapping of urban tree benefits using Google Fusion Tables and API technologies

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and web-based GIS platforms are typically used by large organizations and government agencies for the purpose of data storage, query, analysis, and spatial data mapping. Google Fusion Tables, however, provides cloud-based computing services for data management and easy user collaboration through the Google Maps interface. Fusion Tables are oriented towards smaller organizations that previously were unable to publish data online due to limitations of database knowledge, high cost of start-up, and restrictions on implementation. In this research project, we assess the functionality and limitations of Fusion Tables and associated API as a spatial data management system by programming an interactive web-based mapping platform, the CityTrees.ca Project, designed to showcase the benefits of trees growing on the campus of Ryerson University, Toronto. Specifically, Fusion Tables functionality, such as data storage and manipulation, is used to build a query interface (both attribute and spatial) that permits users of CityTrees.ca to search for and map trees by species, diameter, height, and location. We found that Fusion Tables performed well as a storage medium for our campus tree data, which could easily be explored through our creation of a JavaScript-enabled query tool. Our project provides a unique roadmap for small to medium-sized urban forestry organizations and environmental non-profits seeking to create interactive mapping applications where data privacy and advanced spatial analysis are not fundamental.     

Analysis of regional variation of height growth and slenderness in populations of six urban tree species using a quantile regression approach

Inventory data of six urban tree species from seven cities across Germany were used to model regional variation of height growth, allometric scaling, and slenderness over a wide range of size and age using a quantile regression approach. Variation within and between species and cities was large. Height did not reach an asymptote but declined at higher ages, presumably because of reduction cuts. Allometric scaling and slenderness varied with wind climate, modulus of elasticity, and coefficient of drag. Our data do not support the use of a threshold value of slenderness in tree risk assessment.     

秸秆全量还田下沼液替代化肥对潮土团聚体及结合有机碳的影响

  目的  通过探究黄淮海平原秸秆全量还田条件下长期沼液替代化肥对潮土水稳性团聚体及结合有机碳影响,以期为改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机碳积累及推动种养结合循环农业发展提供科技支撑。  方法  采集长期持续进行不同沼液替代化肥处理（不施肥对照,CK;单一施用沼液,BS;单一施用化肥,CF;以及沼液半量替代化肥,BSCF）的表层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤,利用湿筛法分离水稳性团聚体并测定不同粒径团聚结合有机碳分布变化情况。  结果  相较于对照,各施肥处理均能显著增加了外源有机碳投入,增加水稳性大团聚体质量组成比例,提高团聚体稳定性,其中沼液半量替代化肥处理 > 0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体质量组成比例提升效果最为明显,平均重量直径和几何平均直径最高,而团聚体破碎率和分形维数最低。不同处理团聚体结合有机碳含量随粒径增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中以0.25 ~ 2 mm粒径最高。同时各施肥处理均增加各粒径团聚体结合有机碳含量,显著提高 > 0.25 mm粒径大团聚体结合有机碳贡献率,降低 < 0.053 mm粒径粘粉粒结合有机碳的贡献率。  结论  在黄淮海平原秸秆全量还田条件下通过沼液半量替代化肥不仅有利于水稳性大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性的提高,达到改善土壤结构的目的,而且能够调控各粒径团聚体结合有机碳贡献率,达到平衡土壤有机碳的维持和养分的释放目的。